Etymological "Holy crap, no way!"-s

Did you know that...
... bichon is related to bitch?
I mean, I guess it's not too surprising, but...
... cane is one of a handful of English words from Sumerian?
Yup.
... all definitions of check derive from its use in chess?
Yes, all of them.
... crap is related to crop?
The original definition was "grain husk" which devolved into "something of crap quality" and finally into crap, which is pretty crappy.
... faggot is related to fascist?
Both are descended from Latin fascis 'bundle of sticks', whence also the English loan fasces, the proper term for the bundle.
... the name of # (hash) is related to hatchet?
Both come for the Old French for axe.
... rudder is derived from a suffixed form of row?
The term used to refer to both oars and rudders, but gradually narrowed to just meaning 'rudder'.

Germanic Causative Umlaut Pairs

Proto-Germanic formed the causative forms of most verbs by simply adding a suffix to the verb. This suffix, conveniently, began with an /i/, so it triggered umlaut in North and West Germanic languages. In addition, for English specifically, it caused palatalization of velar consonants. Here is a list of every pair that exists in English. Most of these words are obsolete, however, and many no longer have the same meaning they once had.

Base Form Causative Notes
belive
(intransitive; obsolete; "remain")
beleave
(transitive; obsolete; "leave")
Both obsolete.
bind bend The causative relationship has been made opaque by semantic drift.
bite bait
burn bren
(transitive; obsolete; "burn")
In contemporary English, burn is now ergative; the differing location of R was caused by metathesis in burn in the OE period; the placement in bren is original
bow bay
(transitive; obsolete; "bend")
The common contemporary verb sense of bay is unrelated.
can ken
(transitive; obsolete; "know")
In English, know supplanted ken; but in Scots, ken supplanted know. In OE, it meant make known; acknowledge.
cling clench The original transitivity distinction is still preserved in this pair, although the causativity distinction was lost.
ding dinge Only in the sense of hit. Both are now transitive.
dreep
(intransitive; obsolete; "drip")
drip The causative form is now ergative in contemporary English.
drink drench The causative relationship has been made opaque by semantic drift.
drive dreave
(transitive; obsolete; "drive")
The causative changed meaning to become identical with the base form, rendering it useless.
fall fell One of the few pairs to completely preserve the causative distinction.
fare fure
(transitive; obsolete; "lead")
The causative form was reborrowed from Old Norse and supplanted the Old English version, resulting in apparently irregular umlaut.
greet
(intransitive; obsolete; "weep")
greet The two forms were conflated during the OE period and the meanings merged. Originally, the causative form meant scold; address.
leak leach One of the few pairs to completely preserve the causative distinction.
lie lay One of the few pairs to completely preserve the causative distinction, although colloquially the causative is beginning to supplant the base form.
lithe
(intransitive; obsolete; "go")
lead Semantic drift has changed the meaning of lead; originally it was the same as drive.
queal
(intransitive; obsolete; "faint")
quell The base form originally meant die, and the causative kill. However, the causative is now typically only used figuratively.
rise raise One of the few pairs to completely preserve the causative distinction.
shine sheen
(intransitive; obsolete; "shine")
The base form is now ergative, and the causative intransitive.
sit set One of the few pairs to completely preserve the causative distinction.
spring springe
(transitive; obsolete; "set off, activate")
The base form is now ergative, supplanting the causative. The obsolete causative was only applied to traps.
sweve
(transitive; obsolete; "put to sleep")
sweb
(intransitive; obsolete; "faint")
Both words are now obsolete. Bizarrely, they have swapped transitivity through semantic drift.
swing swinge
(transitive; archaic; "lash")
The base form is now ergative.
swoop sweep The transitivity distinction has been maintained, but the causative distinction has not.
tee
(transitive; obsolete; "pull")
tie Semantic drift and obsolescence has made this derivation completely opaque.
wake watch The base form was originally intransitive; formally, it is ergative, but colloquially it is now transitive.
wall
(intransitive; obsolete; "well")
well The causative form has replaced the base form.
weave web The causativity distinction has been completely lost. Both verbs are still in widespread use, but have evolved new meanings.
weigh wedge
wind wend
(transitive; obsolete; "turn; change")
The base form is now ergative.
wring wrench The causativity distinction has been completely lost. Both verbs are still in widespread use, but have evolved new meanings.

Note that in many cases, one in the pair became ergative (usually the base form), and the other obsolete (usually the causative). Additionally, some causatives, like teach and twinge, lost their base forms before entering English. These examples are not listed.