Sound Change

Sound Changes.

Debuccalization

• T-glottalization - [t] → [ʔ] if, eg. /_#/, but also elsewhere

Elision

• H-dropping - /h/ → Ø unconditional
• R-dropping - /r/ → Ø if /V_/

Spirantization

• Tuscan Gorgia - /p t k/ → /ɸ θ h/ if /V_/

Stress

• Hirt's Law

Voicing

• Bartholomae's Law
• Verner's Law - /ɸ θ s x xʷ/ → /β ð z ɣ ɣʷ/

Vowels

• Adjarian's Law
• Brugmann's Law - /o/ → /a/ but sometimes /ā/
• California Vowel Shift - incl. /ɛ/ → /æ/ → /ɑ/ → /ɒ/
• Canadian Shift - incl. /ɪ/ → /ɛ/ → /æ/ → /a/
• Cot-caught merger - /ɔ/ → /ɑ/ unless /V[lr]/
• Father-bother merger - /ɒ/ → /ɑ/ unconditional
• Great Vowel Shift - incl. /a/ → /e:/ → /i:/ → /aɪ/
• Northern Cities Vowel Shift
• Winter's Law

Unsorted

• Ceceo - /s/ → /θ/ unconditional
• Flapping - [t d] → [ɾ] if /V_V/
• Grassmann's Law
• Grimm's Law - eg. /dʰ/ → /d/ → /t/ → /θ/
• High German Consonant Shift - eg. /p/ → /f/ if /_#/ else /pf/; /d/ → /t/
• Siever's Law
• Seseo - /θ/ → /s/ unconditional
• Yeísmo - /λ/ → /ʝ/ unconditional

Isoglosses

• Benrath Line - /k/ vs. /x/ in maken/machen in West Germanic languages
• Boppard Line - /b/ vs. /v/ in German dialects
• Joret Line - /k g/ vs. /tʃ dʒ/ before /a/ in Langues d'oil
• La Spezia-Rimini Line
• Sankt Goar Line - /t/ vs. /s/ in dat/das in German dialects
• Speyer Line - /p/ vs. /pf/ in German dialects
• Uerdingen Line - /k/ vs. /x/ in ik/ich in West Germanic languages